OMENWAVE modelled vulnerability-chaining pathways

CVE-2018-11776

Apache Struts versions 2.3 to 2.3.34 and 2.5 to 2.5.16 suffer from possible Remote Code Execution when alwaysSelectFullNamespace is true (either by user or a plugin like Convention Plugin) and then: results are used with no namespace and in same time, its upper package have no or wildcard namespace and similar to results, same possibility when using url tag which doesn't have value and action set and in same time, its upper package have no or wildcard namespace.

8.1
CVSS High
100.0%
EPSS p100
YES
In CISA KEV

Data as of 2 Nov 2026 · NVD, CISA KEV, EPSS

Why chaining, at machine speed

Defenders still triage vulnerabilities one CVE at a time, while increasingly automated attackers combine them at machine speed. Omenwave models the plausible pathways by which this CVE could be chained with others — surfacing them for research and awareness, with evidence for each step.

Modelled capability profile
Kill-chain stage
INITIAL_ACCESS
Requires
NONE access, NETWORK vector
Grants
USER access
Capabilities
code execution
Model confidence
medium · CVSS 3.1
Top plausible next hops
CVE-2021-3156INITIAL_ACCESS → EXECUTIONhigh plausibility · KEV

The source lands the attacker on the host (code execution or an established foothold), which satisfies the destination's requirement for local access.

Sudo before 1.9.5p2 contains an off-by-one error that can result in a heap-based buffer overflow, which allows privilege escalation to root via "sudo…

CVE-2019-13272INITIAL_ACCESS → EXECUTIONhigh plausibility · KEV

The source lands the attacker on the host (code execution or an established foothold), which satisfies the destination's requirement for local access.

In the Linux kernel before 5.1.17, ptrace_link in kernel/ptrace.c mishandles the recording of the credentials of a process that wants to create a ptr…

CVE-2025-0411INITIAL_ACCESS → EXECUTIONhigh plausibility · KEV

The source lands the attacker on the host (code execution or an established foothold), which satisfies the destination's requirement for local access.

7-Zip Mark-of-the-Web Bypass Vulnerability. This vulnerability allows remote attackers to bypass the Mark-of-the-Web protection mechanism on affected…

CVE-2025-49704INITIAL_ACCESS → EXECUTIONmedium plausibility · KEV

The access level the source grants already meets or exceeds the access level the destination requires — the position carries over.

Improper control of generation of code ('code injection') in Microsoft Office SharePoint allows an authorized attacker to execute code over a network.

CVE-2022-41040INITIAL_ACCESS → EXECUTIONmedium plausibility · KEV

The access level the source grants already meets or exceeds the access level the destination requires — the position carries over.

Microsoft Exchange Server Elevation of Privilege Vulnerability

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Modelled plausible chaining potential derived from public CVE metadata (CVSS, CWE, CPE). Not a confirmed real-world exploit chain and contains no exploitation detail. For research and awareness only.

Methodology · Interactive explorer · JSON: /cve/CVE-2018-11776