OMENWAVE modelled vulnerability-chaining pathways

CVE-2021-4034

A local privilege escalation vulnerability was found on polkit's pkexec utility. The pkexec application is a setuid tool designed to allow unprivileged users to run commands as privileged users according predefined policies. The current version of pkexec doesn't handle the calling parameters count correctly and ends trying to execute environment variables as commands. An attacker can leverage this by crafting environment variables in such a way it'll induce pkexec to execute arbitrary code. When successfully executed the attack can cause a local privilege escalation given unprivileged users administrative rights on the target machine.

7.8
CVSS High
94.9%
EPSS p100
YES
In CISA KEV
YES
Ransomware-linked

Data as of 2 Nov 2026 · NVD, CISA KEV, EPSS

Why chaining, at machine speed

Defenders still triage vulnerabilities one CVE at a time, while increasingly automated attackers combine them at machine speed. Omenwave models the plausible pathways by which this CVE could be chained with others — surfacing them for research and awareness, with evidence for each step.

Modelled capability profile
Kill-chain stage
EXECUTION
Requires
USER access, LOCAL vector
Grants
USER access
Capabilities
code executioninformation disclosure
Model confidence
high · CVSS 3.1
Top plausible next hops
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CVE-2026-31431EXECUTION → EXECUTIONhigh plausibility · KEV

The source lands the attacker on the host (code execution or an established foothold), which satisfies the destination's requirement for local access.

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CVE-2017-8291EXECUTION → EXECUTIONhigh plausibility · KEV

The source lands the attacker on the host (code execution or an established foothold), which satisfies the destination's requirement for local access.

Artifex Ghostscript through 2017-04-26 allows -dSAFER bypass and remote command execution via .rsdparams type confusion with a "/OutputFile (%pipe%"…

CVE-2022-0847EXECUTION → EXECUTIONhigh plausibility · KEV

The source lands the attacker on the host (code execution or an established foothold), which satisfies the destination's requirement for local access.

A flaw was found in the way the "flags" member of the new pipe buffer structure was lacking proper initialization in copy_page_to_iter_pipe and push_…

CVE-2018-4878EXECUTION → EXECUTIONhigh plausibility · KEV

The source lands the attacker on the host (code execution or an established foothold), which satisfies the destination's requirement for local access.

A use-after-free vulnerability was discovered in Adobe Flash Player before 28.0.0.161. This vulnerability occurs due to a dangling pointer in the Pri…

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Modelled plausible chaining potential derived from public CVE metadata (CVSS, CWE, CPE). Not a confirmed real-world exploit chain and contains no exploitation detail. For research and awareness only.

Methodology · Interactive explorer · JSON: /cve/CVE-2021-4034